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Cryptography is the foundation of modern cybersecurity, ensuring confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation in digital communications. It enables secure transactions, protects sensitive data, and prevents unauthorized access. In this article, we will explore the two main types of cryptographic systems—secret-key…

Cryptography is the backbone of modern digital security, ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of data. However, when cryptographic mechanisms are improperly implemented or outdated algorithms are used, they can lead to vulnerabilities known as broken cryptography. Attackers can exploit…

Introduction Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) is a critical web security vulnerability that exploits the trust a web application has in a user’s browser. By leveraging authenticated sessions, attackers can trick users into performing unintended actions on web applications without their…

Introduction Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) is a major web security vulnerability that allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into trusted websites. These scripts execute in the victim’s browser, leading to data theft, session hijacking, phishing, and unauthorized actions. Based on Fogie…

Introduction Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) and Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) are two of the most dangerous security vulnerabilities affecting web applications today. Understanding how these attacks work and how to defend against them is critical for developers, security professionals, and web…