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In 2013, the world was shaken by one of the most significant intelligence leaks in modern history. Edward Snowden, a contractor working with the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA), exposed a massive surveillance apparatus operating on a global scale. The…

In the world of cybersecurity and digital privacy, few names are as widely recognized—or as polarizing—as Edward Snowden. His 2013 disclosures transformed global conversations about mass surveillance, national security, and the right to privacy in the digital age. This article…

As mass surveillance becomes a global concern, the question isn’t just whether encryption works—but whether it works at scale, under realistic adversarial models like nation-states. In their landmark 2014 paper, Security of Symmetric Encryption Against Mass Surveillance, cryptographers Bellare, Paterson,…

As digital technologies expand rapidly, so does the capacity for state surveillance of the public. In Section III of the 2022 report by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), global concerns around privacy in…

The evolution of the internet has redefined what surveillance looks like in the 21st century. Where surveillance once involved physical tailing or wiretaps, digital surveillance now operates invisibly, at scale, and with unprecedented precision. From your smartphone’s GPS to your…