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Cryptographic functions play a crucial role in securing digital communications by ensuring data integrity, authenticity, and non-repudiation. Among these functions, hash functions and message authentication codes (MACs) are fundamental components of modern security protocols. This article explores hash functions, their…

Cryptography is a fundamental pillar of modern cybersecurity, ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of sensitive data. However, improper implementation of cryptographic techniques can lead to security breaches, exposing user data to attackers. This guide, based on the OWASP (2018)…

Cryptography is a critical component of modern cybersecurity, providing the foundation for secure communications, authentication, and data protection. It encompasses a wide range of mathematical techniques and cryptographic protocols that ensure confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation in digital systems. This…

Cryptography is the foundation of modern cybersecurity, ensuring confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation in digital communications. It enables secure transactions, protects sensitive data, and prevents unauthorized access. In this article, we will explore the two main types of cryptographic systems—secret-key…

Cryptography is the backbone of modern digital security, ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of data. However, when cryptographic mechanisms are improperly implemented or outdated algorithms are used, they can lead to vulnerabilities known as broken cryptography. Attackers can exploit…